{"id":109,"date":"2014-11-13T21:49:38","date_gmt":"2014-11-14T03:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/?page_id=109"},"modified":"2022-08-09T14:42:59","modified_gmt":"2022-08-09T19:42:59","slug":"anishinaabe-timeline","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/community-resources\/anishinaabe-timeline\/","title":{"rendered":"Anishinaabe Timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gaa-izhiwebakin Anishinaabewakiing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Year<\/th>\nEvent<\/th>\nDescription<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
0<\/td>\nZenith Creation-1492<\/td>\nZenith of Mankind’s Social Development happens in North America<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nCreation<\/td>\nAnishinaabe Created in North America.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nFlood and Re-creation<\/td>\nEarth is flooded. Wenaboozhoo rebuilds earth on back of a turtle. Turtle Island is created (N. America)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nSeven Values Gifted to Anishinaabe<\/td>\n
\n<\/love><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nMigration West<\/td>\nSacred Migis leads Ojibwe Nations migration westward from St. Lawrence River to the place of Wild rice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1492<\/td>\nColonization 1492-1776<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1492.1<\/td>\nColumbus Invades Americas<\/td>\n\n

October 12, 1492, Columbus lands on Hispaniola in Western Hemisphere. Slaughters and exploits natives for gold. Raw capitalism. Eastern hemisphere epidemics unleashed.<\/p>\n

Eye Witness to History<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1585<\/td>\nSir Walter Raleigh colonizes Roanoke Island, VA<\/td>\n\n

Raleigh conceived and organized the colonizing expeditions to America that ended tragically with the “lost colony”.<\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Walter Raleigh<\/i><\/a> <\/span><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1620<\/td>\nFirst Contact with Ojibwe 1620-1650<\/td>\n\n

French explorers and missionaries are discovered at Sault Ste. Marie<\/span><\/p>\n

Lake Ontario<\/i><\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n

Ojibwe History <\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1620<\/td>\nMay Flower lands on East Coast of Turtle Island<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1622<\/td>\nOpechancanough leads Indian Confederacy against Virginia colonists<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1637<\/td>\nPequot War<\/td>\nBelligerent Puritan colonists attempt to extend authority over Pequots. War almost brings Pequots to extinction and influx of pilgrims take land.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1640<\/td>\nBeaver Wars (Iroquois Wars)<\/td>\nDutch trade withdrawal and declining beaver cause Iroquois to expand territories. Push Huron’s and SE Anishinaabe towards the Sault.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1641<\/td>\nEuropean colonists introduce scalping by offering bounties for Indian scalps<\/td>\nIn 1706 the governor of Pennsylvania offered 130 pieces of eight for the scalp of any Indian male over twelve years of age and 50 pieces of eight for a woman’s scalp. Because it was impossible for those who paid the bounty to determine the sex, and sometimes the age, of the victim from the scalp alone, killing women and children became a way to make easy money. The practice of paying bounties for Indian scalps did not end until the 1800s.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1641<\/td>\nDutch colonists introduce scalping to Turtle Island by offering bounties for Indian scalps<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1653<\/td>\nOjibwe repel Iroquois from the Sault<\/td>\nDuring their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario. Iroquois wanted new hunting land for fur trade because they depleted theirs.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1662<\/td>\nOjibwe final repel of Iroquois from the Sault. Reestablish SE Anishinaabe territories<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1675<\/td>\nKing Philip’s War<\/td>\nNew England<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1679<\/td>\nOjibwe-Dakota Entente, Daniel du Luth,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1690<\/td>\n1690-1710 Ojibwe push West into Dakota country past St.Croix River<\/td>\nThe Ojibwe, who have been moving westward for generations, reach the land we now call Minnesota. They encounter forest-dwelling Dakota people already here.
\n<\/span>Minnesota Historical Society (MHS): Ojibwe Arrival <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1690<\/td>\nFox Wars 1690-1733<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1693<\/td>\nFort La Pointe Established at Chequamegon Bay<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1693<\/td>\nMadeline Island established as epicenter of Ojibwe Nation at Chequamegon Bay<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1698<\/td>\nFrench withdraw western forts<\/td>\nOjibwe trade with Dakota<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1700<\/td>\nMississauga Ojibwe final repel of Iroquois<\/td>\nDuring their wars with the Iroquois, the Ojibwe pushed down both sides of Lake Huron and by 1701 controlled most of lower Michigan and southern Ontario.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1712<\/td>\nFrench and Fox war<\/td>\n\n

 The First Fox War (1712-16) began when Fox, Kickapoo and Mascouten attacked Fort Pontchartrain on May 13th. The initial assault failed and was followed by a siege. With over 300 well-armed warriors pitted against 20 French soldiers inside a fort with crumbling walls, there is reason to ask if the Fox intended to kill the French or just scare them. In any case, a relief party of Wyandot, Ottawa, Potawatomi and Mississauga (Ojibwe) arrived and fell upon the Fox from behind. In the slaughter which followed, more than 1,000 Fox, Kickapoo and Mascouten were killed. Only 100 of the Fox escaped to find refuge with the Iroquois (English traders called them Squawkies). Otherwise, only a few Fox returned to Wisconsin with the Kickapoo and Mascouten. They joined the Fox who had remained behind and made the French and their allies pay dearly for the massacre at Detroit.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sauk and Fox History<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1713<\/td>\nPeace at Utrecht<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1715<\/td>\nFox Naval attack Lake Superior Ojibwe<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1730<\/td>\nFox defeated by French<\/td>\nFox join Sauk Tribe after defeat<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1745<\/td>\nMillacs Ojibwe defeat Santee Dakota<\/td>\n\n

The expansion of the Ojibwe into Wisconsin and Minnesota brought them into contact with the Eastern, or Santee Dakota (commonly known as the Sioux). During the 1730s, the Ojibwe and Dakota began to fight over the region around the western point of Lake Superior and the headwaters of the Mississippi River in Minnesota. A series of wars lasted until the 1850s. The Ojibwe were generally successful, and managed to push the Dakota farther west into Minnesota and North and South Dakota.<\/span><\/p>\n

Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM): Ojibwe Culture<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1754<\/td>\nFrench-Indian War 1754-1763<\/td>\nWar between French and English for Lake Erie and Ohio valley<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1756<\/td>\nSeven Years War 1756-1763<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1760<\/td>\nFrench colonists surrender to British<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1760<\/td>\nCut Foot Sioux Leech Lake 1760?<\/td>\nOjibwe defeat Dakota. Dakota prisoners foot is cut by Ojibwe and told to walk home.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1763<\/td>\nPontiac’s War<\/td>\n\n

Pontiac attacks and destroys every British fort west of Niagara except Pitt and Detroit<\/span><\/p>\n

MPM: Great Lakes History<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1776<\/td>\nAmerican Revolution 1776-1783<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1776<\/td>\nNation to Nation 1776-1871 Treaty Years<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1780<\/td>\nSettlers push over Appalachian Mountains<\/td>\nBrits can no longer ward off land grabbers but continue to control great lakes for 30 years<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1780<\/td>\nBattle at St Croix Falls 1780?<\/td>\nLead by Waabijig, Ojibwe defeat Dakota and Fox at St. Croix Falls in a decisive battle<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1787<\/td>\nNorthwest Ordinance<\/td>\nIndian land and property will not be taken without consent<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1790<\/td>\nIndian Trade and Intercourse Act<\/td>\nAny transfer of Indian land must be approved by congress<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1791<\/td>\nLittle Turtle at Fort Jefferson<\/td>\nLittle Turtle leads and Indian force of Miami’s, Shawnees and Delaware’s, defeating Gen. Arthur St. Clair’s army of over two thousand near Greenville, Ohio<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1794<\/td>\nEstablishment of British Northwest Company trading post at Sandy Lake.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1794<\/td>\nJay Treaty<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1795<\/td>\nTreaty of San Lorenzo<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1803<\/td>\nLouisiana Purchase<\/td>\nFrench sold US title to land between Mississippi and Rockies, which was not theirs to sell, helps fund Napoleons war<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1804<\/td>\nLewis and Clark expedition to Pacific<\/td>\nUp Mississippi and west, mapping, surveying potential resources for US<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1808<\/td>\nTecumseh’s messengers visit Ojibwe<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1811<\/td>\nBattle of Tippecanoe<\/td>\nWilliam Henry Harris destroys Tecumseh’s village at Wabash River, IN, while Tecumseh gone<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1812<\/td>\nWar of 1812 (1812-1814)<\/td>\nAmerica declares war on British Empire. Brits and French are no longer threats as Anishinaabe allies against US. More power loss for Anishinaabe<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1815<\/td>\nUS signs treaties with Indians in Ohio Valley starting Indian removals west 1815-1825<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1824<\/td>\nBIA created in War Department<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1825<\/td>\nTreaty of Prairie du Chien (WI)<\/td>\nEstablish boarder between Dakota and Ojibwe in the territory of Michigan (Minnesota) on August 19, 1825.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1826<\/td>\nAmerican Fur Company post built at Sandy Lake.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1826<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 5, 1826.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1827<\/td>\nOjibwe Menominee boarder drawn<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1830<\/td>\nIndian Removal Act<\/td>\nPresident Jackson Removal Bill passed<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1831<\/td>\nCherokee Nation v. Georgia<\/td>\nTribes not foreign states but domestic dependent nations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1832<\/td>\nBlack Hawk War<\/td>\nChief Black Hawk, Sauk and Fox, refuses to attend land session treaties in which rogue chiefs sign. On return from hunting camp finds American squatters with false deeds to his peoples land. After futile requests for justice to the U.S. Government, Black Hawk goes to war with U.S. in a series of battles. Under a flag of truce, many of Black Hawks people are massacred.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1832<\/td>\nWorcester v. Georgia<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1837<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa at St. Peters (the confluence of the St. Peters and Mississippi rivers) in the territory of Wisconsin on July 29, 1837.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1838<\/td>\nTrail of Death<\/td>\nIndiana Potawatomis removed west to Kansas, many die forced march<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1838<\/td>\nTrail of Tears<\/td>\nCherokee forced march west of Mississippi. 25% die enroute conservative estimates<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1842<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe of Lake Superior in the territory of Wisconsin on October 4, 1842.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1847<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and Lake Superior made and concluded at the Fond du Lac of Lake Superior on August 2, 1847.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1850<\/td>\nSandy Lake Annuity Fiasco<\/td>\n\n

Late arrival of annuities cause death of 150 Chippewa people from dysentery and measles at Sandy Lake. Another 230-250 die en route home<\/span><\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1854<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa at LaPointe<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1855<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa in Washington, D.C.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1860<\/td>\nSioux woman dreams of drum<\/td>\nSioux woman dreams of drum, around 1860, when Calvary overrun her village. They also present the Drum to the Ojibwe.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1862<\/td>\nUS-Dakota Conflict<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1864<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa, Mississippi, and Pillager and Lake Winnibigoshish Bands<\/td>\nMade and concluded at the City of Washington, D.C. On May 7, 1864 (Treaty is similar to the treaty of 1863, only addition was the tribe residing on the Sandy Lake Reservation shall not be removed).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1867<\/td>\nTreaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi<\/td>\n Made and concluded at Washington D.C. on March 19, 1867.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1871<\/td>\nAssimilation and Vortex of Historic Trauma 1871-1928<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1871<\/td>\nEnd of treaty making<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1871<\/td>\nIndian Appropriation Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1876<\/td>\nLittle Big Horn<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1879<\/td>\nCarlisle Indian School<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1885<\/td>\nMajor Crimes Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1886<\/td>\nNorthwest Indian Commission came to meet with the Sandy Lake Ojibwe.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1887<\/td>\nDawes Allotment Act<\/td>\n\n

An act to cut the lands on Indian Reservations, to extend protection of laws of the US and territories over Indians.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dawes Act<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1889<\/td>\nUnassigned lands in Indian Territory opened by white settlers known as “boomers.”<\/td>\nThe Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma Territory<\/i><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1889<\/td>\nNelson Act<\/td>\nWikipedia: Nelson Act of 1889<\/i><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1890<\/td>\nSitting Bull assassinated<\/td>\n\n

Lakota chief and Holy man<\/span><\/p>\n

Chief Sitting Bull<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1890<\/td>\nWounded Knee massacre in South Dakota<\/td>\n\n

150 killed and 50 wounded in Wounded Knee Creek December 29th.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Wounded Knee Massacre<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1890<\/td>\nOklahoma Territory organized out of western half of Indian Territory<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1890<\/td>\nIndian population in US reaches all-time low of less than 250,000.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1890<\/td>\nWounded Knee Massacre<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1891<\/td>\nMorris Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1893<\/td>\nWhite Settlement<\/td>\nCherokee Outlet opened for white settlement<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1898<\/td>\nCurtis Act<\/td>\nCurtis Act created to extend allotment to the tribes of Oklahoma<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1898<\/td>\nU.S. Annexes Hawaii<\/td>\n\n

U.S. Government takes control of Hawaiian Islands<\/span><\/p>\n

Annexation of Hawaii 1898 <\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1898<\/td>\nBattle of Sugar Point<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1902<\/td>\nMorris Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1903<\/td>\nLone Wolf v. Hitchcock<\/td>\nSupreme Court rules that Congress has power to abrogate treaties with Indian tribes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1904<\/td>\nSteenerson Act<\/td>\nWhere Does Indian Policy Really Come From?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1904<\/td>\nClapp Rider<\/td>\nAuthorizes the sale of timber resources by “Competent Indians”<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1906<\/td>\nBurke Act<\/td>\nBurke Act amends Dawes Act, defines and allows ‘competent’ (1\/8 white) Indians to sell allotments<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1906<\/td>\nAlaska Allotment Act<\/td>\nAn Act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to allot homesteads to the Natives of Alaska.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1907<\/td>\nOklahoma becomes State<\/td>\n\n

Combines Indian and Oklahoma territories, tribal governments are dissolved<\/span><\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Oklahoma<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1911<\/td>\nGraham Commission<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1913<\/td>\nWhite Earth Roll Commission<\/td>\nU of M Anthropologists hired to see who was a full blood on White Earth by measuring physical traits such as skull, nose and skin scratch test. Majority of full bloods now listed as mixed and more land and timber is lost.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1915<\/td>\nSandy Lake Indian Reservation established<\/td>\n Sandy Lake<\/i><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1918<\/td>\nGeneral Council of the Red Lake Tribe created<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1924<\/td>\nIndian Citizens Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1928<\/td>\nMeriam Report<\/td>\nOfficially titled “The Problem of Indian Administration”, published in 1928 by a team of social scientists, it recounted the conditions for Indian peoples on reservations. <\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1928<\/td>\nIndian Re-organization 1928-1953<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1934<\/td>\nJohnson O’Mally Act<\/td>\n\n

The Johnson-O’Malley Act was passed, allowing states, other political subdivisions, and private entities to provide for the health, education and welfare of Indians through contracts and grants. The Indian Reorganization Act, passed as part of President<\/span><\/p>\n

A Chronological History of IHS<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1934<\/td>\nIndian Reorganization Act<\/td>\nEnds allotment, provides for self-government, eliminates traditional government, legislation passed in 1934 in the United States in an attempt to secure new rights for Native Americans on reservations<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1937<\/td>\nMCT Constitution<\/td>\nRatified in 1934, this constitution brought together six of the seven Chippewa (Anishinaabe) tribes in Minnesota, joined them together as the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1942<\/td>\nSt. Croix Reservation established<\/td>\nEstablished from privately owned Indian land<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1944<\/td>\nNational Congress of Indians<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1946<\/td>\nIndian Claims Commission established<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1952<\/td>\nIndian Relocation Program<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1953<\/td>\nP.L. . 280 State Civil and Criminal jurisdiction<\/td>\n\n

Public law 280 termination of federal trusteeship over Indian lands. AL, CA, NE, MN, OR and WI have criminal and civil jurisdiction over reservations<\/span><\/p>\n

Public Law 280<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1953<\/td>\nHouse Concurrent Resolution 108 – Termination Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1953<\/td>\nTermination 1953-1968<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1956<\/td>\nrelocation act<\/td>\n\n

Act to encourage relocation to urban centers<\/span><\/p>\n

The American Indian Movement, Philosophy of Land & Land Rights<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

Relocation Act of 1954<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1961<\/td>\nIndian conference and council<\/td>\n\n

American Indian Chicago conference<\/span><\/p>\n

American Indian Education<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1961<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\n

National Indian Youth Council Founded<\/span><\/p>\n

National Indian Youth Council<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1968<\/td>\nAIM Founded<\/td>\n\n

American Indian movement founded<\/span><\/p>\n

A Brief History of the American Indian Movement<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

AIM<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

His AIM is True<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1968<\/td>\nAmerican Indian Movement<\/td>\nAIM was established to stop police brutality in the Minneapolis metro area.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1968<\/td>\nIndian Civil Rights Act<\/td>\n\n

Reservation Indians have many same rights as US constitution but only enforced by US if incarcerated by tribe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Complete Text of Indian Civil Rights Act<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

1968 Indian Bill of Rights<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1968<\/td>\nSelf-Determination and 1968-1982<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1969<\/td>\nAIM at Alcatraz<\/td>\n\n

 Indian activists take over Alcatraz<\/p>\n

The Occupation<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

Celebrating the 35th Anniversary of the Occupation<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1969<\/td>\nNational Indian Education Association<\/td>\n\n

Founded in Minnesota to give American Indians and Alaska Natives a national voice in Education<\/p>\n

History of NIEA<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1969<\/td>\nKennedy Report<\/td>\nIndian Education: A national tragedy, a national challenge<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1970<\/td>\nLaDonna Harris embodies her Comanche heritage<\/td>\n\n

Since 1970, she has served as the president of Americans for Indian Opportunity (AIO).<\/span><\/p>\n

LaDonna Harris Bio<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

National Women’s History Project<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1970<\/td>\nBIA Take Over<\/td>\nAIM took over BIA offices in D.C. ending the trail of broken treaties<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1971<\/td>\nAIM removed from Alcatraz<\/td>\n\n

Federal officials removed them in 1971<\/span><\/p>\n

The Native American Movement<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1972<\/td>\nOffice of Indian Education Created<\/td>\n\n

Created in 1972, and it currently administers the Indian Education Program of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001<\/span><\/p>\n

Office of Indian Education<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1972<\/td>\nDrinking water politics<\/td>\n\n

Fort McDowell Indians became aware of the proposal in 1972<\/span><\/p>\n

History of the Fort McDowell Indian Community<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1972<\/td>\nAIM Trail of Broken Treaties<\/td>\n March on BIA D.C. protesting broken federal promises<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1972<\/td>\nGurnoe Decision<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1973<\/td>\n72 day standoff at Wounded Knee<\/td>\nMembers of the American Indian Movement, together with a number of local and traditional Native Americans, began their seventy-two day stand off at Wounded Knee.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1973<\/td>\nAIM at Wounded Knee<\/td>\nWikipedia: Wounded Knee Incident<\/i><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1975<\/td>\nIndian Self-Determination Act and Education Assistance Act<\/td>\nTribal control over reservation programs and school build schools<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1978<\/td>\nIndian Child Welfare Act<\/td>\n\n

Established to protect the well-being of our children, promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by giving tribal courts jurisdiction over children living on reservations.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indian Child Welfare Act<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1978<\/td>\nIndian Freedom of Religion Act<\/td>\n\n

To protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise the traditional religions<\/span><\/p>\n

Protection and Preservation of Traditional Religions<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1978<\/td>\nLongest Walk<\/td>\nAIM walk from Alcatraz to Washington D.C. to protest government ill treatment, ends with 30,000 ascending on Capital = equals million man march in scale<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1981<\/td>\nPresident Reagan initiates cutbacks on Indian funding.<\/td>\n\n

President cuts funds by as much as 40%.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Century in Review<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1982<\/td>\nIndian Mineral Development Act<\/td>\n\n

Congress passed this act to encourage tribes to become economically self-sufficient.<\/p>\n

Indian Mineral Development Act of 1982<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1982<\/td>\nSelf-Governance and Self-Oppression 1982-Present<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1984<\/td>\nCommittee of Indian Affairs<\/td>\n\n

Committee gains jurisdiction to study unique problems of American Indians, native Hawaiians, Alaska natives<\/p>\n

United States Senate Committee of Indian Affairs<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1985<\/td>\nWilma Mankiller becomes principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.<\/td>\n\n

First women to be elected chief of a major Indian tribe.<\/span><\/p>\n

About Wilma Mankiller<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1986<\/td>\nSchool Lawsuit<\/td>\nHeart of the Earth, and Red school house successfully sue dept. of education<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1987<\/td>\nCamp Justice<\/td>\nOjibwe sit-in at MCT offices demanding constitution reform<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1988<\/td>\nIndian Gaming Regulatory Act<\/td>\n\n

Tribes become engaged in licensed gaming.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1988<\/td>\nIndian Self-Governance Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1989<\/td>\nSenate Selects Committee on Indian Affairs<\/td>\nReports recommends a new era of voluntary agreements.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1990<\/td>\nNative American Grave Protection and Reparation Act<\/td>\n\n

New law, 101-601, to protect Indian burial grounds<\/span><\/p>\n

US Cultural Protection Legislation<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1990<\/td>\nNative American Language Act<\/td>\n\n

Federal Policy statement recognizing Native American Language<\/span><\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Native American Language Act of 1990<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1990<\/td>\nNAGPRA act<\/td>\n\n

President George Bush Signed the “Native American Graves Protection Act<\/span><\/p>\n

Wikipedia: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

1990<\/td>\nIndian Law Enforcement Act<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1991<\/td>\nIndian Nations at Risk Task Force<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1995<\/td>\nPresident rescues Office of Indian Education<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2002<\/td>\nNo Child Left Behind<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2005<\/td>\nNew Charter School opens in Naytahwaush, on the White Earth reservation<\/td>\n\n

Community members believe it will better from a cultural perspective<\/span><\/p>\n

Charter School to Open on White Earth Reservation<\/i><\/a><\/p><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

2011<\/td>\nHistoric Trauma<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2012<\/td>\nConstitution Reform Stops Self-oppression<\/td>\nReferendum by petition researches and reestablishes traditional governance including contemporary needs for tomorrow.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2013<\/td>\nPoverty Culture Reversed<\/td>\nLeadership, language and culture re-establish self-identity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/td>\nDecolonization<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/td>\nOjibwe Nation Unites<\/td>\nCanadian and US Ojibwe unite as one nation. Ojibwe vote at any reserve they live at regardless of enrollment place<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gaa-izhiwebakin Anishinaabewakiing Year Event Description 0 Zenith Creation-1492 Zenith of Mankind’s Social Development happens in North America 1 Creation Anishinaabe Created in North America. 2 Flood and Re-creation Earth is flooded. Wenaboozhoo rebuilds earth on back of a turtle. Turtle Island is created (N. America) 3 Seven Values Gifted to Anishinaabe 4 Migration West Sacred […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":0,"parent":947,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-109","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/47"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1929,"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/109\/revisions\/1929"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/947"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bemidjistate.edu\/airc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}